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Viscosity, terminal motion and flow regimes →
Choose the drag model, balance forces and test the Reynolds number before trusting a speed.
Study chapter
Viscous flow through pipes →
Derive the velocity profile, track pressure losses and test what a change in radius really means.
Study chapter
Work, stored energy and power →
Choose a system, account for each transfer and read possible motion from an energy balance.
Study chapter
X-ray spectra: cutoffs, characteristic lines and crystal diffraction →
Follow energy from an accelerated electron to a photon, then use the spectrum to distinguish the source from the crystal.
Concept section
Absolute and relative error →
Teaching section in Measurement uncertainty. What a reading tells you—and what it leaves unresolved
Concept section
AC power and power factor →
Teaching section in Alternating circuits: phase, RMS and real power. Build the circuit response from derivatives, then use phasors and energy to check it.
Concept section
Adiabatic processes →
Teaching section in Heat, work and thermodynamic paths. Use energy conservation with an explicit system and sign convention, then audit every leg of a gas cycle.
Concept section
Angular momentum →
Teaching section in Rolling motion and angular momentum. Connect the contact constraint to rotation, then choose when angular momentum is the conserved quantity.
Concept section
Angular momentum conservation →
Teaching section in Rolling motion and angular momentum. Connect the contact constraint to rotation, then choose when angular momentum is the conserved quantity.
Concept section
Beats →
Teaching section in Sound: Doppler shifts, beats and intensity levels. Count arriving wavefronts, track a changing phase difference and use decibels as logarithmic ratios.
Concept section
Biot-Savart law →
Teaching section in Magnetic forces, selected velocities and current-produced fields. Use cross products for direction, circular dynamics for motion and Biot–Savart geometry for field sources.
Concept section
Brewster’s law →
Teaching section in Polarization, analyzer chains and Brewster reflection. Project the electric field, keep an intensity ledger and identify the plane of incidence.
Concept section
Buoyancy →
Teaching section in Pressure, floating and fluid support. Derive pressure from equilibrium, then use it to explain buoyancy and support readings.
Concept section
Capacitors in series and parallel →
Teaching section in Potential, capacitors and dipoles. Connect energy to field gradients, then track charge, voltage and mechanical constraints in electrostatic systems.
Concept section
Carnot efficiency →
Teaching section in Heat engines, refrigerators and entropy. Use energy and entropy as separate checks on a complete thermal cycle.
Concept section
Charge conservation →
Teaching section in Kirchhoff networks and current direction. Read the connections, solve a shared voltage and audit the energy.
Concept section
Charged-particle circular motion →
Teaching section in Magnetic forces, selected velocities and current-produced fields. Use cross products for direction, circular dynamics for motion and Biot–Savart geometry for field sources.
Concept section
Coherence →
Teaching section in Interference: phase, brightness and contrast. Predict what a detector reads by connecting path, phase and field addition.
Concept section
Conduction →
Teaching section in Heat balances, conduction and cooling. Track energy through mixing and phase changes, then distinguish steady heat flow from a changing temperature.
Concept section
Continuity equation →
Teaching section in Continuity and energy in flowing fluids. Track mass first, then connect pressure, speed and height along a valid flow model.